The Case of Disgruntled Nurses free essay sample

At the board of directors’ meeting, board president received a letter from staff council of Oneida Home Health Agency (OHHA), highlighting various staff concerns and suggestions. Rachel Nelson, who had been hired as the executive director of OHHA, was shocked and angered to see the letter, since this was a clear violation of organizational hierarchy and brought her management skills into question. Rachel had replaced Chuck about two years ago, who left the agency in a bad financial position. Soon after her induction, she was joined by Annemarie as nursing director, replacing the previous director Dorothy who had resigned. Rachel and Annemarie had been trying hard to deal with the financial deficit and introduced systems to improve accountability, productivity, quality and efficiency of staff and their documentation. These systems and the intended changes were not viewed positively by some of the staff and started a conflict with the management. The differences grew and resulted in the above mentioned letter being sent directly to the board. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of Disgruntled Nurses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rachel recalled the events that had led to the current state of affairs. Problems and their causes: With a broad scope of problems at their hands, Rachel and Annemarie felt the need for changes in organization structure. They discussed the new organization with the staff and found a positive response. This demonstrates an important trait of an effective manager, who shares the information with the staff and welcomes their response. However, it also brings out the point that Rachel and Annemarie were unaware of the hidden negative reactions of their staff, which demonstrates a lacking on their part, since today’s gossip may be tomorrow’s fact. i The senior nurses, on the other hand, felt the new organization structure was bureaucratic and restricted their direct access to management for any favors. This behavior was caused by years of lenient supervision by Dorthy, who always accommodated their demands. If Dorthy rejected their demands, nurses got around her to make successful personal appeals to Chuck. Without any criticism and feedback from the management, nurses were denied the opportunity to improve and develop their skills. As a result, nurses failed to comprehend the importance of new and actual roles of management and disgruntlement started. Another problem was documentation which Dorthy had tried to solve by adopting problem-oriented medical record (POMR) method, but it was an extremely difficult system to master and nurses were finding it hard to adjust to the new system. Annemarie took steps to improve experience with POMR methods, but without the consent of the staff. The modified-POMR methods increased their paper work and nurses had to spend more time on office work, the time which they preferred to spend providing home care. The senior nurses liked their job as it gave them flexible work timings, focus on direct patient care and relatively paper free work. The previous organization culture had kept the nurses happy and motivated by lenient supervision and praise without criticism. There were no penalties for poor performance and senior nurses were satisfied, as they never considered their job as a profession with future growth prospects. The staff was still motivated to work in the relatively work-free environment. Herzberg’s two theory factor provides evidence for this type of behavior by stating that hygiene factors (Company policy, supervision, interpersonal relations) are less important in motivating the employees than motivating factors (Achievement, work itself, responsibility). ii Annemarie tried to communicate and work with the nurses, but found the doors closed in defiance. Both justified their positions and accused each other of neglecting other party’s views. With the passage of time, Annemarie and nurses developed a negative perception about each other. In the absence of any communication, the positive/negative affects took root. The individual negativity produced negative group affect and agency witnessed lesser cooperative behavior. iii The agency was operating with a high mistrust between Annemarie and senior nurses. In the office, when Annemarie faced the nurses, they felt that she was spying on them and when she closed the doors, nurses wondered if she was plotting something against them. Annemarie also had doubts about the professional behavior of the nurses. She introduced more control to keep things in her hands by monitoring productivity, directing all phone calls to her, making nurses sign in and out and scheduling of holiday coverage without discussing with the nurses. This led to the general feeling amongst nurses that they were losing their independence to do the work they liked, i. e. provide home care. Annemarie also hurt the self esteemiv of the senior nurses by preferring younger nurses, who had shown positive response towards her stricter standards and control procedures. Annemarie failed to understand that she had two different kinds of employees with different needs. The new nurses were motivated by their need for achievement, since they had their professional growth and development in mind. The senior nurses were motivated by their need for affiliation to their work as home care providers, which gave them respectable status and warm relationships with the people in community. Annemarie also preferred new nurses because of their educational degree, which reflected bad on her part, as she failed to realize that their customers preferred quality over education. The senior nurses also felt strongly that their quality of work was being ignored because of an educational degree. They perceived the situation as inequitablev and this drove them further away from Annemarie. Although organization was satisfying the first two needs of physiological needs and safety in Maslow’s hierarchyvi, it failed to address love and self esteem of the senior nurses. The increasing negative sentiments towards each other were the result of Pygmalion effect or self fulfilling prophecy, which explained the selective negative perceptions of Annemarie and senior nurses based on their low expectations from each other. Annemarie failed to understand the importance of communications in organization and never attempted to see the perspective of senior nurses. She ignored the fact that people perceive the same thing differently and their assumptions, perceptions and feelings must be understood to be able to better communicate with them. viii The nurses also ignored that managers require cooperation, reliability and honesty from their subordinates. Had they tried to understand the goals and pressures of Annemarie, things could have been brought under control with open communication and feedback sessions. The lack of mutual respect and collaboration resulted in the problems being faced by OHHA. Recommendations: First solution could be to fire the senior nurses, who had no career orientation and were reluctant in adopting the new systems and procedures. They could be replaced by newer nurses, who were well liked by Annemarie and had shown the willingness to learn and adopt new systems, working for individual and organizational growth. However, this might not be viewed negatively by the clients and local population, who held them in high  regard. Since Annemarie is at the centre of this conflict, an alternate solution could be to fire her. In order to achieve her goals, she had alienated people who did not cooperate. She had taken decisions without any feedback from her subordinates and her communication skills were under question. However, with high self efficacy, extensive nursing administration experience in different capacities and her dedication to work and patients, her separation would be a loss for the agency, when Rachel is still new to home health field. Third option is to adopt the path of reconciliation between Annemarie and senior nurses. The clients respected the senior nurses and mostly asked for them by name. They also had a credible experience of home care, which if used positively can bring extensive opportunities for the agency. Annemarie, on the other hand can focus on nursing administration in an unbiased way. The collaboration between the two can extremely benefit the agency. Solution and its implementation: The third option presents a win-win situation for the agency. However, considering the bitter past, it would be the most difficult to achieve. Rachel needs to re-open the direct communication between Annemarie and the disgruntled nurses, in an attempt to sort the resolution of conflict. Rachel can first discuss and understand the individual perspectives of Annemarie and nurses. This can lead to a meeting between the concerned parties for discussion about mutual goals and understanding the differences. Given the complexity of the relationship between them, one meeting will never be enough to resolve the issues. Rachel should make sure that meetings continue and she should keep a check on the outcome of these meetings. To develop a better coordination between management and staff, Rachel should encourage healthy speak up sessions, in which management and staff can share their concerns and suggestions. Management can also use these sessions to discuss any proposed changes and involve the staff in understanding and implementing those changes. This would implement the key trait of â€Å"Type Z† organization, i. e. instilling a sense of strategic vision in the employees. x To redeem the esteem of the senior nurses a training scheme could be introduced, in which senior staff volunteers and trains the newer staff. This would give a sense of privilege to disgruntled nurses, who would feel that their experience is being rewarded and respected. Younger staff can benefit from this experience and their attitude towards their disgruntled colleagues would change to feelings of respect. This way, staff can also realize the benefits of collaboration and team work. Rachel can introduce employee appraisal, reward and promotion schemes to fully involve the staff in their work and promote a culture of healthy competition. Appraising the staff on objective and subjective performancexi would push them to work harder while cooperating and assisting each other. These schemes would act as a positive KITAxii to move the staff towards the right direction and away from conflict. Trainings can be conducted for Annemarie on how to be an effective manager, who successfully plays the interpersonal, informational and decisional rolesxiii. This will significantly improve the performance of Annemarie and hence, the organization. Similarly, trainings can be conducted for nurses on how to manage their bosses, so they can understand that forging tiesxiv with Annemarie based on mutual respect. To oversee the proposed solutions, Rachel needs to be more involved in day to day activities of the agency. This would give a feeling to the nurses that the management understands their concerns and the importance of resolving those concerns. Conclusion: The analysis of this case brings out the fact that open and effective communication has a very important role in successful operations of an organization. The manager needs to understand employees and their assumptions, perceptions and feelings. Employees need to understand the goals, pressures, strengths and weaknesses and working style of their managers. By working together and communicating openly a win-win situation can be achieved, as desired by all organizations. Bibliography The ideas presented in this analysis draw from several sources included in Organizational Behavior reading pack for MBA 2015 and interested readers can pursue the following sources for more details.

president essays

president essays Election day is right around the corner. On November 7, 2000 American citizens will be voting whether they want George W. Bush as our president or Al Gore . Both candidate are well qualified for the job. As Alan Litchman said you have to have a certain basic level of intelligence. Al Gore has been our vice president for the past eight years and Mr. Bush is currently the Governor of George W. Bush and his running mate for vice president Dick Cheney are representing the Republican party. Mr.Bush has many plans for taxes such as: a portion of taxes should go to retirement, no one should have to pay more than a third of their pay check to taxes, eliminate the death tax, and to double the child deduction. He also wants to strengthen medicare by making prescription drugs affordable and available to senior citizens. He wants local government to have control of schools. He thinks that the military should get better pay and For the Democratic party Al Gore and running mate Joe Lieberman plan to continue to build on past successes. The Democratic Convention opens Monday in Los Angeles, but Gore will not give his acceptance speech until Thursday. Gore wants to distance himself from President Clinton with the words such as fresh start with regard to the Clinton scandals. Gore believes that that Georges budgets dont balance, because of a huge tax give aways to the wealthy instead of the middle class, and large deficits that can lead to high interest rates. Gore is also trying to burden the Bush campaign with voters memories of thehigh unemployment rates and weak economic growth that helped drive his father from the White House in 1992. I think which ever candidate is chosen for President will have many challenges in bringing respect and trust back into t ...

Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities in a Global Environment

The need for expansion remains one of the most crucial objectives for any business organization. In addition to dominating the domestic make, certain organization desire to explore wider markets which cause them to work on projects which involve venturing into the foreign markets (Amoako, 2003).   Internationalization of operations is always accompanied by a number of challenges which could be attributed to the dynamic nature of the foreign market areas. According to Cairns and Sliwa 2008), the dynamic nature leads to occasional changes in the consumer preferences, prices of products, variations in customer and supplier bargaining power as well as changes in both the company and host country policies. In order to have a good grip of the foreign markets, it is therefore vital for business organizations to put in place the right strategies. These strategies are always aimed at enhancing the competitive levels of the company within the global environment. Additionally, when companies put in place the right approaches to operation, they are likely to enhance sustainability and hence be able to stay relevant in such environments despite the noted challenges. This essay highlights and discusses some of the challenges faced by business organizations and managers while operating in a global environment. The discussion shall also entail some of the opportunities that may be established within the global fonts which the business organization could take advantage of in order to achieve international success. The study derives illustrations from Qantas Airways which one of the leading multinational corporations not only in Australia but in the world. Through the review of literature as the main qualitative approach to data collection, the discussion shall therefore focus on some of the challenges faced by the mentioned company in its bid to gain international stability in the ever changing global environment. In a bid to ensure the stability of its market base, an organization needs to conduct a thorough feasibility test and hence establish some of the possible obstacles to global development (Cantwell and Narula, 2004). At the same time, it is a fact worth noting that the challenges to international development may not have a holistic solution in the near future due to the fact that they take various trends as days go by. However, a good understanding and projection of these challenges could play a crucial role in helping managers come up with the most effective counter measures. To begin with, one of the most common challenges to operating in a global environment is the aspect of changes in the political atmosphere as one move from country to another. While some countries enjoy a relatively stable political environment, there are those areas characterized by political turmoil which in turn cause instability in a number of aspects (Calof, 2009). For instance, the political atmosphere within a given country largely influences the nature of governance. The government structure and the leadership approaches in turn influence the kind of policies put in place to control a number of aspects within the country which also includes control of international investors, business practices as well as product prices just to mention but few. The policies implemented by a government, for instance the ones meant to govern business operations, play a pivotal role in defining the business environment both for the local as well as the foreign investors. Consequently, stringent government polices tend to minimize the scope of operations for the foreign investors which proves to be one of the challenges to associated with operating in a global environment.   According to Caves (2006), the policies may require the organization to employ only a given number of foreign employees. This implies, before venturing into the global market, the organization has to identify and initiate the locals employees into the businesses’ mission and vision, an aspect which is not only time consuming but also involves the use of a lot of resources. It can therefore be deduced that a bad political atmosphere leads to an unstable leadership structure characterized by unfavorable business policies which act as obstacles to smooth operations in a global environment (Cox, 2007). However, in markets where the policies are conducive, the foreign investors are accorded an opportunity to expand their operations since these regulations are supportive enough for business growth. V ariations in political trends from one country to another explain why Qantas Airways continues to struggle in a bid to establish its base in certain countries across Europe, Asia and in Africa. Secondly, there is the aspect of infrastructure. In most developed countries, the level of infrastructural development is at a relatively advanced stage.   This implies that there is easy movement of people and resources from one place to another due to the good network of roads and other forms of transport (Dicken, 1998). Operating in such environments is quite a manageable task for the international organizations. For instance, the good transport systems in most countries Europe, America and Asia explain why Qantas has been able to enhance sustainability in these areas. Additionally, the good communication systems have remained pivotal in enhancing communication between the organization’s management and its clients in addition to the communication aspects involving aerial operations, traffic control and flight control just to mention but few (Dunning, 2003). The good infrastructural developments in these countries have offered a perfect opportunity for Qantas Airways to es tablish its operations in these global environments. However, the level of development of roads and communication systems remains a challenge in most developing countries especially in Africa and some parts of Europe. The poor transport management systems hinder the free movement of customers and employees to and from the airport. For instance, poor road systems lead to the occurrence of jams which may occasionally result in inconveniences especially when the clients are unable to catch their flight on time (Flyvbjerg, 2001). Consequently, the airways have lost some of its clients to alternative modes of transport as a result of such challenges. Thirdly, the aspect of customer bargaining power in addition to the common changes in consumer preferences may acts as another challenge to operating in a global environment.   As stated by Freeman (2010), the unexpected changes in the consumer needs make the global environment quite unpredictable and may easily result in the company losing its customers to a rival supplier. The customer’s bargaining power involves the standards forwarded by the clients with respect to their ability to pay for the services. When the clients bargaining power exceeds the minimal requirements stated by the organization, the final return on investments is likely to be low. Consequently, there would be a need to strike a balance between the client’s bargains and the prices stated by the company. This ensures that both parties gain at the end of the day. The absence of this balance is the root cause of losses incurred by a company. At the same time, the consumer needs keep changing as one m oves from one environment to another. These needs may be attributed to changes in weather, economic status and complexity of flights just to mention but few. When the clients present needs that are beyond the organization’s strength to achieve, there is the likely occurrence of low consumer satisfaction which in turn reduces loyalty. Low customer loyalty is a major challenge to the stability of a foreign organization’s market base. On the other hand,   good business-consumer relations enable a close knit between an organization and its customers. This makes it easy to establish the client feedbacks as well as their changing needs.   Qantas Airways may harness this opportunity to maintain a competitive edge by predicting the changes in consumer preferences and hence adjusting its products and services to fit these needs. The fourth challenge is the presence of competitors in the global market. Qantas Airways, despite being one of the largest industries in the world faces challenges from other effective service providers including Airbus and Singapore Airlines just to mention but few. Additionally, there is also the challenge of the emergence of smaller airlines which offer similar services but at relatively lower prices with the aim of capturing as many clients as possible (Friedman, 2006). The presence of other service providers in the global environment goes a long way in increasing its capacity and instead decreasing the profitability. For instance, when a market comprise several organizations offering the same products and services, customers are likely to weigh and hence pick the most affordable alternatives (Harrison, 2011). This becomes a challenge to international organizations especially in cases where the level of customer loyalty is low. The organizations therefore divide the market and a company gets its clients depending on the level of competitiveness and the effectiveness of the strategies implemented. In order to attain and retain global dominance, it would be crucial for the organization to put in place the most effective strategies. The strategy here ought to involve a careful analysis of the impending challenges and taking advantage of the possible opportunities in bid to cut a competitive edge in the dynamic global market.   One of the core approaches ought to be the conduction of a thorough feasibility test. This approach enables the organization to have in depth understanding of the nature of the foreign market, the variations in the clients’ cultural and social attributes as well as the changes in economic levels (Hartt and Durepos, 2012).   A good understanding of each of these aspects would therefore enable the organization to come up with the right counter measures aimed at curbing the challenges and increasing sustainability. There is an inevitable need for flexibility in the approaches of operation within a global market. For instance, there customer preferences keep changing from time to time based on a number of factors. It would therefore be vital for Qantas Airways to occasionally alter its products and services in order to fit the changing client needs. This could be achieved by altering the product prices, making the planes more spacious and adjusting the fight departures. By studying the trends in the consumer behavior, it is possible to identify their specific needs. The company can then focus on satisfying these needs which leads to customer loyalty and hence market stability despite the high level of competition (Harvey, 2007). Furthermore, the international organization needs to monitor the political trends, the nature of governance and hence the nature of the government policies. Before introducing new products, like new flight schedules, new planes and higher capacity carriers, it would be v ital for the organization to know the effects that the current policies would have on such new projects. Good policies allow for innovation and development while stringent ones hinder effective development. Consequently, Qantas Airways can focus its operations in global environments which are characterized by supportive government polices of international organizations (Johnson and Turner, 2010). The study above reveals a number of challenges which could be associated with managing a business in a global environment. These include changing customer preferences, government policies, level of infrastructure as well as the presence of competitors. As a result, business organizations intending to remain relevant in the dynamic corporate market ought to stay aggressive with its strategies and approach to management. Implementing the right business practices would enhance organizational sustainability in the global environment. Amoako, G. (2003) ‘The relationships among selected business environment factors and manufacturing strategy: insights from an emerging economy’, Omega, 31(1), pp. 287-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   301. Cairns, G. and Sliwa, M. (2008) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about International Business, London: Sage Publication. Cantwell, J. and Narula, R. (2004) ‘International business and the eclectic paradigm: developing the OLI framework’, Journal of International Business Studies, 35(1), 456 -458. Calof, J. (2009) ‘Adapting to foreign markets: explaining internationalization’, International   Business Review, 4(2), pp. 115-130. Caves, E. (2006) Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2 nd Edn., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Cox, D. (2007) Risk taking and information handling in consumer behaviour – an intensive of two cases’ in Cox, D. (ed.) Risk taking and information handling. Boston, MA: Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press Dicken, P. (1998) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3 rd Edn., New York: Guilford Press. Dunning, J. (2003) Multinational enterprise and the global economy, Addison-Wesley   Publishers, England, Viewed 7 April 2016. Flyvbjerg, J. (2001)  Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Freeman, R. (2010) Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friedman, T. (2006) The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, California: Farrat, Straus, and Giroux. Harrison, A. (2011) ‘International Entry and Country Analysis’, A lecture programme delivered    at technical university of Kosice, viewed 7 April 2016. Hartt, C. and Durepos, G. (2012) ‘Markets, organizations, institutions and national identity: Pan American Airways, postcoloniality and Latin America’. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 8(1), pp. 14 – 36. Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press. Johnson, D. and Turner, C. (2010) International Business, 2 nd Edn., London: Routledge.

Nash Disease (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis) Essay

Nash Disease (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis) - Essay Example As well known, exercise increases the body temperature and in turn raises the rate of metabolic reaction, which assists in melting of fats in the body. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is one such controversial disease in the field of medicine whose main causes are not clearly known. Nonalcoholic steotohepatitis disease refers to condition that causes inflammation, accumulation of fats and tissues as well as damage of the liver. In the view of Kaplan (2011), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis disease occurs to individuals who consume little or no alcoholic drinks. However, pathologists have placed large correlation of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis disease with diabetes, obesity and resistance of insulin by the body. Causes of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Disease In the views of Kaplan (2011), there are no defined causes of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis disease. However, medical research conducted with reference to this disease reveal that the disease has got close links with other certain identifiable diseases. One of the discovered complementary diseases linked with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is obesity. Kaplan (2011) asserts that more than 70% of patients diagnosed with NASH disease had cases of obesity. Large number of obese people discovered to suffer from NASH had exceeded their maximum body weight by over 10% to 40%. Diabetes is also illustrated as one of the complimentary diseases to NASH. Medical research has additionally indicated that 75% of individuals diagnosed with NASH disease exhibited signs of diabetes mellitus 2. In the views of Kaplan (2011), about 20%-80% of the patients suffering from NASH had signs of hyperlipidemia in their blood. Hyperlipidemia disease is caused by excess lipids in the blood of an individual. This condition leads to blockage of blood vessels resulting to development of coronary disease that reduces amount of blood supply to the heart. This leads to hypertension due to straining of the heart in an attempt to circulate blood t o the entire body. Resistance to insulin secretion is another probable complimentary disease associated with NASH. Absence of insulin in the body leads to increase in the sugar levels of the blood. This condition if accumulated leads to the development of diabetes mellitus. Another probable cause of NASH disease is the use of certain drugs and toxins, which causes complications related to the NASH disease (Kaplan, 2011). Drugs that have been noticed to cause NASH in the field of medicine include the amiodarone, which encompasses corderone, and pacerone, steroids that encompass predisone and hydrocortisone, tamoxifen and synthetic estrogens. In addition, Kaplan (2011) confirms that use of chemicals such as pesticides and insecticides poison the cells thereby resulting to the development of the NASH disease. Symptoms of NASH Disease According to Kaplan (2011), NASH disease displays no clear symptoms that may lead to its easy detection. This is because NASH disease only develops throug h a progressive damage of the liver with increase with its severity. The only conditions that have been used to detect and test for NASH in the bodies of patients have been fatigue, general body illness, and pain in the upper right abdomen. However, medical practitioners disclose that cases of NASH may not have severe liver problems over a long period

Cisco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cisco - Essay Example ntation of the strategy that we believe will help Cisco goes through the economic downturn and position it to take advantage of the rebound that we hope will happen soon. In 1997 Cisco structured its business around three distinct business units: Enterprise, Service Provider and SMB (Small and Medium Business). The organizational structure was designed to address two major new market opportunities at that time: the service provider migration to IP services and the adoption of IP products by small and medium-sized businesses through channel distribution. The change was a clear move from a product-focused structure, which had been Cisco’s organization model since its beginning, to a customer-oriented, solutions-based structure. All of Cisco’s research-and-development, marketing and solution integration would be organized under the three Lines of Business. The Line of Business teams were responsible of defining and implementing both market and operational strategies that enabled them to deliver end-to-end solutions to their target customers. The main objective of the organizational alignment was to increase focus on specific and dedicated customer to provide complete end-to-end solutions, including system integration, integrated software, and network management. The different Line of businesses at the time had nothing in common. The fact that Cisco was making higher profit and phenomenal growth in the networking industry meant Cisco did not have to worry so much on costs since margins were very high. In August-2001, Cisco changed its organizational structure to deal with the changing environment of the industry and customer requirements, and to position the company as a dominant force in the networking industry. Customer segments and product requirements that were distinct in the past had come under the same umbrella. The downturn in the telecom and networking industry across the technology sector in early pushed Cisco to act quickly to minimize costs and

Cooking Method Essay Example for Free

Cooking Method Essay In this assignment I will learn about a few types of cooking method and the arts of seasoning and flavoring. There are two major types of cooking method which is Moist Heat Method and Dry Heat Method. Moist Heat Method refers to a technique that involve of liquid in cooking food. This technique depends on whether it is steam, water, stock, wine or some other liquid. The temperature for this kind of method is much lower in between of 60Â °C to 100Â °C. There are several types of cooking method that have been listed under Moist Heat Method which are poaching, simmering, boiling, steaming, braising, and stewing. Meanwhile, Dry Heat Method refers to any kind of cooking technique where the heat is transferred to the food without using any moisture. This technique usually involves high temperature of 150Â °C or hotter than that. Roasting, baking, grilling, broiling, pan-frying, sauteing, and deep-frying are example of Dry Heat Method. Furthermore, there are a few kind of cooking technique that involves Moist Heat and Dry Heat Method. This kind of technique may begin with Moist heat Method and followed by Dry Heat Method. For example braising and stewing. These two techniques involve the combination of both cooking method. For the second question, I will learn about the arts of seasoning and flavoring. Seasoning can enhance the natural taste of most foods without changing the original flavor. Salt is the main seasoning agent in the culinary arts. Herbs and spices also include in seasoning. In the meantime, flavoring is added to the food to modify the original flavor of the food. Flavoring is a substance that we used in altering the food causing it to give a sweet, sour, or tangy taste. CONCLUSION What I have learned from this assignment is there are a few types of cooking method. For example like Moist Heat Method. In this kind of technique I have learned a few basic cooking skills which are poaching, simmering, boiling, steaming, braising, and stewing. The technique that has been used in this kind of cooking method is mostly the same. From what I know, Moist Heat Method will involve liquid either water, stock or other kinds of liquid. Meanwhile for Dry Heat Method, I have learned that this kind of cooking method is no moisture was involved in cooking process. We also used high temperature in this method. A few basic cooking skills that used Dry Heat Method are roasting, baking, grilling, broiling, pan-frying, sauteing, and deep-frying. And most of the cooking methods have a similar process. Moreover, I have learned that there are few technique of cooking process that involve in the combination of Moist Heat and Dry Heat Method. In this technique, we must cook the food by using the Moist Heat Method then followed by Dry Heat Method. Other than that, the time consuming in cooking food by using this method is much longer rather than other technique and it can take about 5 to 6 hours to complete the cooking process. Besides that, I have learned that the food that is not cooked in the right ways will lose its nutrients. Other than that, we can improve the quantity and quality of nutrients of the food if we used the correct cooking method. For the arts of seasoning and flavoring, I have learned that seasoning and flavoring is very important in improving the quality of the taste of food that we cooked. The seasoning that we used is to lighten up the taste of the food without changing its original flavor. Meanwhile, for flavoring we used it to give a different flavor to the food and completely flavoring is used to change the original flavor of the food.

Third World Debt Essay -- essays papers

Third World Debt For most of the Developing countries, the need to exploit their resources, increase their GDP up to an acceptable level and overcome their inability to cope with the necessary imports to cover domestic wants, caused a major increase in their external debt. Prior to the Third World debt crisis in 1982, Developing countries managed to keep the levels of external borrowing at low points, mainly due to the fact that the loans they were receiving had comparatively low interest rates, and their purpose was to increase imports of capital goods. Additionally, their mail loaners were Developed countries and financial institutions, such as the World Bank. However, in the period between 1982 and 1989, a major increase in Third World counrties’ external debt led to economic difficulties and even high political instability. During the 20-year period between 1970 and 1989 the external debt of Developing countries grew from $68.4 billion to $1283 billion, an increase of 1846 % . The main reasons for which Third World Debt rose dramatically during the 80’s have their roots to the late 70’s.The most significant ones are: Â · Rise in oil prices. It led most of the OPEC countries to stock their oil surplus in order to face the crisis and benefit from increasing demand. Therefore, profit-purpose banks were encouraged from governments to grant loans to LDC countries, in order to avoid the effects of the increase in oil prices. A significant numb...

PBS Frontline Essay “Rape in the Fields”

he PBS Frontline documentary â€Å"Rape in the Fields† reveals the gross atrocities of human rights violations against undocumented immigrant women throughout America’s vast farmlands. The group consists of a half-million female workers. Culturally they are from a male dominated society that migrates to the U. S. for economic opportunity. These women are underprivileged workers without access to learn English. They are unaware of American laws that protect persons from violence and crime. They are very afraid and focused on basic survival instincts.Because they are in this country illegally, they are afraid of being deported and lose their income. Fear keeps them from speaking out and uniting to make changes in their work environment. The story of Olivia Tamayo who worked for Harris Farms for approximately six years is only one example of cases featured in the documentary. Her supervisor Rene Rodriquez raped Olivia Tamayo three times at gunpoint. Her voice was shaky in the interview when she recalled her ordeal, â€Å"He said I was his, and that he would never leave me in peace.†She tried to defend herself from her boss. She remained silent until she reported her case to a Rape Crisis Center. Human Services workers reported the abuse to the EEOC. Then the EEOC contacted the law firm of Smith and Johnson who took the case of Ms. Tamayo. Attorney Willie Smith was successful in winning a lawsuit that awarded her a damage settlement. However, the CEO Mr. John Harris sides with his Supervisor and denied the rape occurred.It took teamwork from the report by the Rape Crisis Center and working within a network of other services to bring a small amount of justice to her unjust treatment. It was in 1995 that Bill Tamayo from the EEOC brought attention to the plight of women raped in the fields by supervisors and coworkers. These deplorable acts have been taking place for generations by not uniting and rising up the women remained in a disadvantaged s ituation. The U. S. enacted EEOC laws in 1964 to protect workers from all forms of sexual harassment.The EEOC forced a 1. 3 million dollar lawsuit settlement with DeCoster. Fourteen women workers with Evans Fruit testified of sexual assault in their Apple orchards, but they lost their case. The United States economy is dependent on illegal immigrants to harvest our vegetables, fruits, nuts, and eggs. Our government needs to implement policies to protect all workers documented or undocumented against crimes of violence, sexual harassment, and abuse. The U-Visa is a small stepping-stone in the right direction.

Early childhood education Essay

Early childhood education has for a very long time been neglected by educational planners in Australia. Early childhood education is one of the most important stages in pursuit of education given the fact that the foundation children receive in their pre-school years and in early school years goes along way in shaping their prospect careers. Early childhood education in Australia is faced with several challenges key of which include lack of a systematized curriculum covering both private and public sectors. The other challenge is lack of enough trained teachers in early childhood education which has seen the standards of early childhood education deteriorate in the recent past. Although the Ministry of Education in Australia has on several occasions initiated commissions to offer long lasting solutions to the challenges highlighted above, none of this has to date yielded into success. Failure for recommendations contained in various commissions set up by the Howard government can be attributed to lack of clear policy governing early childhood education provision in Australia. Early childhood education provision in Australia has traditionally been teacher-centered as opposed to being child-centered. It has lacked impetus in that instead of focusing on the needs of the children the kind of education provided in early stages of schooling has lacked in objectivity. There is therefore a need for a lot more emphasis on children interest from an early age so as to overcome some of the challenges witnessed in latter stages of education such as upper primary and secondary levels. If children are given enough orientation at the pre-school and early school levels such children are likely to grow up with a clear focus on areas of interest something which can help resolve the low literacy and accounting skills evident amongst high school and primary schools students. Teacher training will play a very significant role in accomplishing the goals of early childhood education. Teachers play a critical role in curriculum interpretation and unless the teachers are able to interpret curriculum effectively efforts to streamline early childhood education in Australia are likely to fail. To counter such challenges there is a need for the government to offer incentives to early childhood education teachers for instance offering free training programs or alternatively offering government sponsored training programs (MacNaughton, & Williams, 1998). There lacks proper curriculum to guide early childhood education and the one in place has been in use for many decades something which clearly indicates that it could have outlived its use (Margetts, 2003). Until stakeholders in early childhood education come up with solutions as well as recommendations geared towards streamlining early childhood education to meet modern educational needs then all efforts geared towards achievement of effective early childhood education provision in Australia are likely to be unsuccessful. In conclusion, early childhood education in Australia is in deplorable state. There is a need for the government to include in its educational agenda, policies which will see more funding directed to early childhood education. The government must take initiative and implement the necessary amendments to the education act which has not served early childhood education properly. There is a need for integration of early childhood education to primary education and secondary education for purposes of achieving transition so that early childhood education is not viewed as a stand alone sector in education. References MacNaughton, G. & Williams, G. (1998. 69-79) Techniques for Teaching Young Children: Choices in theory and practice, Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Ltd, Frenchs Forest, NSW. Margetts, K. (2003. pp. 45-65) â€Å"Child care arrangements, personal, family and school influences on children’s adjustment to the first year of schooling†, Proceedings of the Australian Early Childhood Association Biennial Conference, Hobart 10–13 July 2003, Australian Early Childhood Association.

Amalgam Definition and Uses

Amalgam Definition and Uses An amalgam is a type of alloy found in dentistry, mining, mirrors and other applications. Here is a look at an amalgams composition, uses, and the risks associated with use. Key Takeaways: Amalgam Simply put, an amalgam is an alloy of the element mercury.While mercury is a liquid element, amalgams tend to harden.Amalgams are use to make dental fillings, to bind to precious metals so they can be isolated later, and to produce mirror coatings.As with elements in other alloys, a small amount of mercury may be released by contact with an amalgam. Because mercury is toxic, amalgams may present health or environmental risks. Amalgam Definition An amalgam the name given to any alloy of mercury. Mercury forms alloys with almost all other metals, except iron, tungsten, tantalum, and platinum. Amalgams may occur naturally (e.g., arquerite, a natural amalgam of mercury and silver) or may be synthesized. Key uses of amalgams are in dentistry, gold extraction, and chemistry. Amalgamation (the formation of an amalgam) is usually an exothermic process that results in hexagonal or other structural forms. Amalgam Types and Uses Because the word amalgam already indicates the presence of mercury, amalgams are generally named according to the other metals in the alloy. Examples of important amalgams include: Dental Amalgam Dental amalgam is the name given to any amalgam used in dentistry. Amalgam is used as a restorative material (i.e., for fillings) because its fairly easy to shape once mixed, but hardens into a tough substance. Its also inexpensive. Most dental amalgam consists of mercury with silver. Other metals that may be used with or in place of silver include indium, copper, tin, and zinc. Traditionally, amalgam was stronger and longer-lasting than composite resins, but modern resins are more durable than they used to be and strong enough for use on teeth subject to wear, such as molars. There are disadvantages to using dental amalgam. Some people are allergic to the mercury or other elements in amalgam. According to Colgate, the American Dental Association (ADA) reports fewer than 100 cases of amalgam allergy have been reported, so its very rare. A more significant risk is posed by the release of small amounts of mercury vapor as the amalgam wears over time. This is primarily a concern for persons already exposed to mercury in daily life. Its recommended pregnant women avoid getting amalgam fillings. The ADA does not recommend getting existing amalgam fillings removed (unless they are worn or the tooth is damaged) because the removal process can damage existing healthy tissue and may result in the unnecessary release of mercury. When an amalgam filling is removed, a dentist uses suction to minimize mercury exposure and takes steps to prevent mercury from entering the plumbing. Silver and Gold Amalgam Mercury is used to recover silver and gold from their ores because the precious metals readily amalgamate (form an amalgam). There are different methods of using mercury with gold or silver, depending on the situation. In general, the ore is exposed to mercury and the heavy amalgam is recovered and processed to separate the mercury from the other metal. The patio process was developed in 1557 in Mexico to process silver ores, although silver amalgam is also used in the Washoe process and in panning for the metal. To extract gold, a slurry of crushed ore can be mixed with mercury or run across mercury-coated copper plates. A process called retorting separates the metals. Amalgam is heated in a distillation retort. The high vapor pressure of mercury allows for easy separation and recovery for re-use. Amalgam extraction has largely been replaced by other methods because of environmental concerns. Amalgam slugs may be found downstream of old mining operations to the present day. Retorting also released mercury in the form of vapor. Other Amalgams In the mid-19th century, tin amalgam was used as a reflective mirror coating for surfaces. Zinc amalgam is used in the Clemmensen Reduction for organic synthesis and the Jones reductor for analytical chemistry. Sodium amalgam is used as a reducing agent in chemistry. Aluminum amalgam is used to reduce imines to amines. Thallium amalgam is used in low temperature thermometers because it has a lower freezing point than pure mercury. Although normally considered a combination of metals, other substances may be considered amalgams. For example, ammonium amalgam (H3N-Hg-H), discovered by Humphry Davy and Jons Jakob Berzelius, is a substance that decomposes when it comes into contact with water or alcohol or in air at room temperature. The decomposition reaction forms ammonia, hydrogen gas, and mercury. Detecting Amalgam Because mercury salts dissolve in water to form toxic ions and compounds, its important to be able to detect the element in the environment. An amalgam probe is a piece of copper foil to which a nitric acid salt solution has been applied. If the probe is dipped in water that contains mercury ions, a copper amalgam forms on the foil and discolors it. Silver also reacts with copper to form spots, but they are easily rinsed away, while amalgam remains.

A History of the Townsend Act Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A History of the Townsend Act - Term Paper Example in Burnett 41). The year 1767 brought a different series of measures that stimulated and recreated the conflict. Considering the discontent over increased tax, British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles Townshend introduced a new fiscal program (Clack and Alonzo 40).Partially influenced by Benjamin Franklin’s arguments in Parliament, Townshend wrongly assumed that contrary to the Stamp Act, colonists would accept the tax on imported goods (Mintz).The basis purpose was to reduce British taxes by means of increased and efficient collection of duties imposed on American trade. Therefore, he readjusted custom administration and enacted duties on goods that colonies imported from Britain, such as, lead, paper, tea, glass. The â€Å"Townshend Acts† were based on the assumption that taxed on imported goods from colonies was legal whereas internally imposed taxes, such as, Stamp Act were illegal (Clack and Alonzo 40). ... Colonists were outraged, they not only objected the implementation of new duties but also they way collected money would be spent and new administration (Mintz). Reacting to the whole situation, John Dickinson, a Philadelphia layer, argued in Letters 1of a Pennsylvania Farmer that despite the fact that Parliament can control imperial commerce, it is unlawful to tax the colonies, whether the taxes are imposed externally or internally (Clack and Alonzo 40). Townshend appointed a new board of customs commissioners who were supposed to be more efficient in setting and maintain customs system. On the other hand, American merchants considered new bureaucracy was an effort to setting up the system of official corruption in colonies (Mintz). Learning from their past lessons, success of the boycott, and successful rejection of the Stamp Act, colonists united again in order to achieve their goal(Burnett 41).Boston merchants acquires a non-importation agreement in 1768 in which they preferred n ot to import certain goods over paying taxes. By 1769, merchants from all over America joined hands with Bostonians and they gave a serious jerk to British exports (Mintz). Their boycott dropped British exports to over 40%, due to bleak financial conditions; British merchants pressurized Parliament to abolish the Act (Burnett 41).American women contributed actively in the protests against Townshend Acts. â€Å"Daughters of Liberty† successfully campaigned against imported tea and clothing (Mintz). At the same time, ministry closed some western forts and deployed British troops in coastal areas again. According to 1765’s Quartering Act, colonists were responsible to not only provide food but also housing for the troops. But New York’s refusal to provide for

Evaluate the Impact of Media such as Video Games, Film and TV on the Essay

Evaluate the Impact of Media such as Video Games, Film and TV on the Behaviour of Teenagers - Essay Example This means that their sexual behaviour is influenced in one way or another. As media exposure reaches out to teenage persons, pornography becomes a point of concern (Wallmyr and Welin, 2006, pg. 292). This is because different forms of media have made pornographic materials easily accessible to both intended and unintended audience. The readily available explicit materials have had immense effect on the behaviour of teenagers. While not all have succumbed to the force of pornography, others have plunged into the ditch of immorality and undefined sexual behaviour. This has been accelerated by the need for teenagers to identify with influential people in the world as they grow and develop physically, emotionally, and mentally. As a result, new trends keep emerging relative to sexuality and sexual behaviours. At the same time, sexual attitudes have enormously changed. The respect and importance accorded to sex and related activities have continued to lose meaning as this generation beco mes more and more exposed inappropriate sexual materials through the media. Even as the negative implication of media on teenage behaviour rages on, all is not lost in that regard. The media plays a very crucial role of sensitizing teenagers on safe sexual practices and the importance of using contraceptives. In so doing, more and more teenagers are becoming cautious and responsible for their sexual behaviours. Media advocacy in this respect is commendable but the challenge surrounding teenagers and explicit sexual exposure through the media still remains. Over and above the sexuality factor, the daily lifestyles and standards observed by teenagers have faced the influence of the media. As earlier mentioned, the media platform is characterized by global diversity and dynamism. For... The above discussion does not imply that the media only affects eating behaviours negatively among teenagers. In fact, there are key positive aspects associated with the media as far as eating behaviour is concerned. The media is a rich source of information on weight loss programs. These programs have made it possible for teenagers to manage their own weights from wherever they are all over the world. TV programs offer help to persons dealing with eating disorders. There are doctors’ reality shows that are primarily designed for teenagers and teenage life, and they are meant to enhance the quality of life that teenagers lead. Over and above that films have been developed that deal with eating behaviour among other issues that teenagers face. In the process, media also fosters a positive behaviour line among teenagers although both the open and underlying negative implications are still critical. This report makes a conclusion that all said and done about the positives of the media on eating habits, research indicates that most of the teenagers with eating disorders have developed them from watching too many model media shows such America’s next top model and in their emulation of these celebrities, they end up with the eating disorders. Video games have been the main mode of entertainment for the teenagers in the recent past. More evidence of this violence and even that which is seen in the television and action or thriller films is portrayed in their social life where most of them and especially boys constantly engage in fights and other violent behaviour all in the name of emulating their favourite character from the media.